珍稀濒危植物柄扁桃的花部特征比较研究

通过对2种柄扁桃花(白花和粉花)花部特征比较研究.结果表明:2种类型的花在花冠直径、花瓣长度、柱头高度等方面存在差异,而且白花的单花花粉量,花粉/胚珠比率(P/O)少于粉花.另外,白花的花粉活力和柱头可授性显著高于粉花(P0.05).     

水分胁迫对叶子花光合特性的影响

以2 a生盆栽叶子花品种大红宝巾和水红宝巾为试材,比较自然干旱条件对2个叶子花品种光合特性的影响.结果表明:自然干旱处理下,2个品种的净光合速率(Pn)均下降,但干旱胁迫4 d后(土壤相对含水量35.8%),2个品种的净光合速率达到峰值,高于对照,且在干旱胁迫条件下,大红宝巾Pn-直显著高于水红宝巾;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在干旱胁迫条件下表现为先上升后下降趋势,均在干旱第2天后达到峰值,随后下降;在干旱胁迫第4天,叶子花的水分利用效率为最高,表明适度的水分胁迫能提高叶子花的水分利用效率.     

短密木霉菌株GAS1-1的分离鉴定、拮抗作用及其生物学特性

为了解短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum对植物病害的生防作用及其生物学特性,利用稀释平板分离法从甘肃省景泰县马铃薯连作田植株根际土壤中分离获得1株木霉菌株GAS1-1,经形态观察、rDNA-ITS和EF-1α序列分析明确其分类地位;用生物学方法研究该菌的营养生长和产孢条件;采用对峙培养法测定该菌株对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明,基于形态学特征和基因序列分析结果,菌株GAS1-1被鉴定为短密木霉Trichoderma brevicompactum,为甘肃省木霉新记录种。该菌株对玉米镰孢茎腐病菌Fusarium graminearum、玉米穗腐病菌F. verticillioides、棉花枯萎病菌F. oxysporum、玉米腐霉茎腐病菌Pythium inflatum和灰葡萄孢霉Botrytis cinerea均具有较好的拮抗效果,尤其对玉米腐霉茎腐病菌的抑制作用最好,抑菌率达100.00%。该菌株营养生长和产孢的最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和酵母膏;其在15～35℃均可生长,菌丝最适生长温度为30℃,最佳产孢温度为25℃;在pH 5～12的培养基上菌丝均可生长,菌丝最适生长和产孢的pH均为5;24 h黑暗条件下菌丝营养生长最快,12 h光暗交替条件有利于产孢;孢子致死温度为69℃,10 min。表明短密木霉菌株GAS1-1具有较好的生防应用潜力。     

基于特征筛选算法的数字土壤制图研究

平缓地带数字土壤制图中，环境协变量的选择是提高制图精度的关键。已有研究证明遥感影像可作为推理制图的辅助因子，而如何确定环境因子推理制图时各自的权重已成为现阶段研究的重点。选取湖北省麻城市乘马岗镇为研究区，采用3种特征筛选方法进行有效环境变量筛选，探索参与平原-丘陵混合区域制图的因子并确定其重要性，依据选择的相对稳定的指标，进一步探索提高土壤类型制图准确性的途径。根据141个野外独立样点的检验结果表明：在推理制图中，遥感因子在平原区域的重要性程度高于丘陵区域，且遥感因子中归一化植被指数(NDVI)和均值(Mean)较为稳定；基于递归特征算法的按地形推理制图精度最高为75.89%，分别高于ReliefF算法和基于Tree的特征筛选算法13.48%和4.97%；此外3种特征筛选算法制图结果中，按地形因子分区制图的精度均高于整体区域制图。因此，遥感因子作为辅助手段参与推理过程可有效提高制图精度。本研究采用的特征挖掘与机器学习算法对提升土壤制图精度具有一定的理论意义。     

土壤施硅对小麦和麦蚜的影响

为明确土壤施硅对小麦蚜虫的防控效果，本研究在小麦种植前分别配施0（CK）、40、80和120 kg/hm²四个浓度的硅肥，测量施硅后小麦生育期、生物量、叶面积、株高、产量指标以及荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi发生量。结果表明，施硅对小麦株高和穗数无显著影响，但80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后小麦叶面积分别为1 786.03 mm²和2 033.54 mm²，生物量分别为133.68 g和134.50 g，小麦穗粒数分别为35.61粒和35.92粒，小麦千粒重分别为45.34 g和45.59 g，小麦产量分别为9 684.45 kg/hm²和9 835.05 kg/hm²，均显著高于对照，且小麦成熟期较对照提前3 d；80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后禾谷缢管蚜发生量分别为90头和86头，均显著低于对照；40、80和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后荻草谷网蚜发生量分别为128、117和105头，均显著低于对照。因此，田间土壤施硅80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²可以明显改善小麦农艺性状，提高小麦产量，并能减少麦蚜发生量。     

Predicting Carbon Stocks Following Reforestation of Pastures: A Sampling Scenario‐Based Approach for Testing the Utility of Field‐Measured and Remotely Derived Variables

Reforestation of agricultural lands is an important means of restoring land and sequestering carbon (C). At large scales, the labour and costs of direct measurement of ecosystem responses can be prohibitive, making the development of models valuable. Here, we develop a new sampling scenario‐based modelling approach coupled with Bayesian model averaging to build predictive models for absolute values in mixed‐species woody plantings and differences from their adjacent pasture, for litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios. Modelling scenarios of increasing data availability and effort were tested. These included variables that could be derived without a site visit (e.g. location, climate and management) that were sampled in the adjacent pasture (e.g. soil C and nutrients) or were sampled in the environmental planting (e.g. vegetation, litter properties, soil C and nutrients). The predictive power of models varied considerably among C variables (litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios in tree plantings and their differences to their adjacent pastures) and the model scenarios used. The use of a sampling scenario‐based approach to building predictive models shows promise for monitoring changes in tree plantings, following reforestation. The approach could also be readily adapted to other contexts where sampling effort for predictor variables in models is a major potential limitation to model utilization. This study demonstrates the benefit of exploring scenarios of data availability during modelling and will be especially valuable where the sampling effort differs greatly among variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Carbon Fluxes from Different Pools in a Mined Area under Reclamation in Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Despite the benefits of grass cultivation and organic fertilization in mining areas undergoing reclamation, these practices may be associated to CO₂ emissions and soil organic matter (SOM) losses by priming effect. In the present study, we evaluated the changes on SOM pools and C–CO₂ emissions in a bauxite‐mined area under reclamation fertilized with poultry litter (PL) (0, 10, 20, and 40 Mg ha⁻¹) and cultivated with Brachiaria brizantha . Increases of about 3·5 times in the soil labile C were observed 1 year after experiment establishment. High C–CO₂ fluxes and a significant positive priming effect were observed in the presence of B. brizantha , increasing native C mineralization by nearly 4·9 times. Nevertheless, no net soil C loss was detected, probably because of the C inputs derived from B. brizantha , which offset these losses. In fact, the grass increased total organic C by 45% when fertilized with 40 Mg PL ha⁻¹. The data obtained suggest that the cultivation of B. brizantha fertilized with PL can be a promising option for rapid recovery in SOM in areas under reclamation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

莫桑比克鳗鲡养殖生物学主要特性研究

对莫桑比克鳗鲡（Anguillamor morata）玻璃鳗经形态学鉴定品种后，开展了主要养殖生物学特性研究。耐受高温和低温分别为39℃和7℃，适宜生存水温15℃～33℃；耐受盐度与水温相关，水温30℃致死盐度2．9％，适宜盐度小于1．1％，20℃致死盐度2．7％，适宜盐度小于1．8％，10℃致死盐度2．1％，适宜盐度小于2．0％；耐受pH值与水温相关，30℃致死pH值分别为3．5和11．0，适宜pH值6．0—7．0，20℃致死pH值分别为4．0和11．0，适宜pH值6．0～8．0，10℃致死pH值分别为3．5和10．5，适宜pH值5．5—8．5。常用药物S高聚碘、二氧化氯、三氯异氰尿酸、苯扎溴铵、溴氯海因、甲醛、敌百虫的安全浓度高于或接近常用浓度，硫酸铜、溴氰菊脂乳油、氯氰菊脂、甲苯咪唑的安全浓度低于常用浓度。水体中非离子态氨的安全浓度为2．51mg／L，亚硝酸氮的安全浓度为55．12mg／L。     

土壤养分数据几种特异值处理方法的比较

利用贵州省平坝县马场镇栗木村的13项土壤养分测试数据,对比分析了3σ准则、估计邻域法、影响系数法、邻近点数据比较法4种识别与处理特异值方法的优劣。结果表明:将3σ准则与邻近点数据比较法相结合,对土壤养分测试数据进行特异值处理获得了较好的效果,对提高地质统计学研究结果的精度有积极的作用。     

Complexities Surrounding China's Soil Action Plan

China's soil pollution is serious, with 16·1% of all soil samples exceeding soil quality standard according to a national soil quality survey. On 31 May 2016, the Chinese government unleashed an ambitious plan to address its soil pollution problem. The large scale and fast pace of the proposed plan pose many challenges. There are biogeochemical complexities governing the fate and transport of soil contaminants that require more thorough study. There are also human‐related complexities and dynamic feedback loops, which determine the behaviour of farmers, industrial polluters, remediation practitioners and regulators. Soil pollution prevention and remediation also have externalities and spillover effects ranging from greenhouse gas emission to social justice. Rigorous policy instruments must be developed to account for complex human behaviour, to strengthen risk management and to encourage interdisciplinary scientific research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.